PHYTOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF RICINUS COMMUNIS LINN. ROOT (ERANDA) OF COLLECTED FROM THREE DIFFERENT REGIONS OF BELGAUM (KARNATAKA)

In Ayurveda, the roots of Eranda plant (Ricinus communis Linn.) are used in the treatment of various disorders like Amavata (rheumatism), Jwara (fever) and various types of inflammation. It is important drug used in Panchkarma Basti procedure as Niruha basti drug. This drug is collected by various pharmaceutical companies from anywhere ignoring contaminations. Considering this, a preliminary study has been done to ensure basic phytochemical profile of mentioned regions varieties. Preliminary physicochemical parameters, phytochemical screening was carried out in the study. There was significant difference between all varieties of alcohol and water extracts of this plant. Though present study gives idea for pharmacological and clinical studies at larger scales

Synthesis, Spectral and Antimicrobial Studies of Lanthanide (III) Chloride Complexes with the Schiff’s Base Derived from 2-Benzimidazolyl Mercaptoaceto Hydrazide and 2-Acetyl Pyridine

AbstractFew lanthanide (III) chloride complexes with Schiff’s base obtained by the condensation of 2-benzimidazolyl mercaptoaceto hydrazide and 2-acetyl pyridine have been prepared and characterized on the basis of elemental analysis, molar conductance, magnetic, electronic, infrared and 1H NMR spectral studies, IR and 1H NMR spectra indicates coordination through azomethine nitrogen, pyridine ring nitrogen and the carbonyl oxygen of the hydrazone moiety. A coordination number eight is suggested for these complexes.  The ligand and complexes were screened for their antimicrobial activity.Keywords: Schiffs base; Lanthanide (III) chloride complexes; Antimicrobial activit

Synthesis, Spectral and Antimicrobial Studies of Lanthanide (III) Nitrate Complexes with Terdentate ONO Donor Hydrazones

Few lanthanide (III) nitrate complexes with hydrazones obtained by the condensation of 3-[m/p (hydrazino carbonyl)] phenyl sydnone and hydroxy aryl aldehyde or ketones have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductance measurements, magnetic moments, Infrared, electronic and 1HNMR spectral studies. The spectral studies show that the hydrazones reacts in enol form and as dibasic terdentate ONO donor nature. From the results the coordination number eight for lanthanide ion in the complexes is proposed. The thermal behaviour, stability ranges, percentage of weight loss, percentage of residue obtained after decomposition of Ln (III) nitrate complexes has been studied. Further more the antimicrobial activity of the ligand and its complexes as inhibiting agents has been screened in vitro against two kinds of pathogenic bacteria Salmonella paratyphi, Bacillus cirroflagellosus and pathogenic fungi Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans

Control and analysis of crucial parameters for an automatic boiler unit in a chemical industry

A boiler plays a significant role in a processing industry, particularly in chemical industry. It requires proper adoption of control techniques for supplying accurate temperature, pressure, steam, and water flow to produce chemicals. An uncontrolled boiler can shut down the whole process. Therefore it requires a continuous monitoring system for avoiding such shutdown. In the past few decades, relay logic, embedded or process card systems were used for controlling the boiler system. In the conventional system, the controlling scheme was also complex for troubleshooting because process cards are used only once. In order to overcome this type of problem Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) and Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) system helps to collect data and information about the flow of boiler from various sensors. In this paper, SCADA and PLC assist in controlling crucial parameters using Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) control. PID controller used in this paper is programmed according to the boiler operation's need, and the data can be stored and analyzed using the SCADA system. The results in this paper help the industrial personnel for boiler automation, allowing the plant operator to observe the crucial parameters for increasing boiler efficiency and reducing the financial losses.&nbsp

A Review on Topical Gels as Drug Delivery System

The clinical evidence indicates that topical gel is a safe and most effective treatment option for use in the management of skin related disease and used for local action to reduce the side effects associated with other conventional dosage form. Topical drug delivery systems include a large variety of pharmaceutical dosage form like semisolids, liquid preparation, sprays and solid powders. Most widely used semisolid preparation for topical drug delivery includes gels, creams and ointments. A gel is a cross-linked polymer network swollen in a liquid medium. Its properties depend strongly on the interaction between solid state polymer and the liquid component. Gels exhibit no steady-state flow. The interaction between polymer and the liquid dispersion medium form an interlacing three dimensional network of particles of dispersed phase. The increased viscosity caused by interlacing and consequential internal friction is responsible for the semisolid state. Topical gel formulation provides a suitable delivery system for drugs because they are less greasy and can be easily removed from the skin. Gel formulation provides better application property and stability in comparison to cream and ointments. Keywords: Topical, drug delivery, gels, review, skin. Percutaneous penetration, drug delivery, organogels, Hydrogel

Dust extinction and X-ray emission from the star burst galaxy NGC 1482

We present the results based on multiwavelength imaging observations of the prominent dust lane starburst galaxy NGC 1482 aimed to investigate the extinction properties of dust existing in the extreme environment. (B-V) colour-index map derived for the starburst galaxy NGC 1482 confirms two prominent dust lanes running along its optical major axis and are found to extend up to \sim 11 kpc. In addition to the main lanes, several filamentary structures of dust originating from the central starburst are also evident. Though, the dust is surrounded by exotic environment, the average extinction curve derived for this target galaxy is compatible with the Galactic curve, with RV =3.05, and imply that the dust grains responsible for the optical extinction in the target galaxy are not really different than the canonical grains in the Milky Way. Our estimate of total dust content of NGC 1482 assuming screening effect of dust is \sim 2.7 \times 10^5 Msun, and provide lower limit due to the fact that our method is not sensitive to the intermix component of dust. Comparison of the observed dust in the galaxy with that supplied by the SNe to the ISM, imply that this supply is not sufficient to account for the observed dust and hence point towards the origin of dust in this galaxy through a merger like event. Our multiband imaging analysis reveals a qualitative physical correspondence between the morphologies of the dust and H{\alpha} emission lines as well as diffuse X-ray emission in this galaxy. continue.... for more detail please see in pdf file.Comment: 22 pages, 11 Figures. Accepted for publication in New Astronom

Dissecting the collateral damage of antibiotics on gut microbes

Antibiotics are used for fighting pathogens, but also target our commensal bacteria as a side effect, disturbing the gut microbiota composition and causing dysbiosis and disease1-3. Despite this well-known collateral damage, the activity spectrum of the different antibiotic classes on gut bacteria remains poorly characterized. Having monitored the activities of >1,000 marketed drugs on 38 representative species of the healthy human gut microbiome4, we here characterize further the 144 antibiotics therein, representing all major classes. We determined >800 Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) and extended the antibiotic profiling to 10 additional species to validate these results and link to available data on antibiotic breakpoints for gut microbes. Antibiotic classes exhibited distinct inhibition spectra, including generation-dependent effects by quinolones and phylogeny-independence by β-lactams. Macrolides and tetracyclines, two prototypic classes of bacteriostatic protein synthesis inhibitors, inhibited almost all commensals tested. We established that both kill different subsets of prevalent commensal bacteria, and cause cell lysis in specific cases. This species-specific activity challenges the long-standing divide of antibiotics into bactericidal and bacteriostatic, and provides a possible explanation for the strong impact of macrolides on the gut microbiota composition in animals5-8 and humans9-11. To mitigate the collateral damage of macrolides and tetracyclines on gut commensals, we exploited the fact that drug combinations have species-specific outcomes in bacteria12 and sought marketed drugs, which could antagonize the activity of these antibiotics in abundant gut commensal species. By screening >1,000 drugs, we identified several such antidotes capable of protecting gut species from these antibiotics without compromising their activity against relevant pathogens. Altogether, this study broadens our understanding of antibiotic action on gut commensals, uncovers a previously unappreciated and broad bactericidal effect of prototypical bacteriostatic antibiotics on gut bacteria, and opens avenues for preventing the collateral damage caused by antibiotics on human gut commensals

A comprehensive analysis of Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS) gene for salinity tolerance in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Soil salinity affects various crop cultivation but legumes are the most sensitive to salinity. Osmotic stress is the first stage of salinity stress caused by excess salts in the soil on plants which adversely affects the growth instantly. The Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS) genes play a key role in the regulation of abiotic stresses resistance from the high expression of different isoform. Selected genotypes were evaluated to estimate for salt tolerance as well as genetic variability at morphological and molecular level. Allelic variations were identified in some of the selected genotypes for the TPS gene. A comprehensive analysis of the TPS gene from selected genotypes was conducted. Presence of significant genetic variability among the genotypes was found for salinity tolerance. This is the first report of allelic variation of TPS gene from chickpea and results indicates that the SNPs present in these conserved regions may contribute largely to functional distinction. The nucleotide sequence analysis suggests that the TPS gene sequences were found to be conserved among the genotypes. Some selected genotypes were evaluated to estimate for salt tolerance as well as for comparative analysis of physiological, molecular and allelic variability for salt responsive gene Trehalose-6-Phosphate Synthase through sequence similarity. Allelic variations were identified in some selected genotypes for the TPS gene. It is found that Pusa362, Pusa1103, and IG5856 are the most salt-tolerant lines and the results indicates that the identified genotypes can be used as a reliable donor for the chickpea improvement programs for salinity tolerance

Introgression of “ QTL‐hotspot ” region enhances drought tolerance and grain yield in three elite chickpea cultivars

With an aim of enhancing drought tolerance using a marker‐assisted backcrossing (MABC) approach, we introgressed the “QTL‐hotspot” region from ICC 4958 accession that harbors quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for several drought‐tolerance related traits into three elite Indian chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars: Pusa 372, Pusa 362, and DCP 92‐3. Of eight simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers in the QTL‐hotspot region, two to three polymorphic markers were used for foreground selection with respective cross‐combinations. A total of 47, 53, and 46 SSRs were used for background selection in case of introgression lines (ILs) developed in genetic backgrounds of Pusa 372, Pusa 362, and DCP 92‐3, respectively. In total, 61 ILs (20 BC3F3 in Pusa 372; 20 BC2F3 in Pusa 362, and 21 BC3F3 in DCP 92‐3), with >90% recurrent parent genome recovery were developed. Six improved lines in different genetic backgrounds (e.g. BGM 10216 in Pusa 372; BG 3097 and BG 4005 in Pusa 362; IPC(L4‐14), IPC(L4‐16), and IPC(L19‐1) in DCP 92‐3) showed better performance than their respective recurrent parents. BGM 10216, with 16% yield gain over Pusa 372, has been released as Pusa Chickpea 10216 by the Central Sub‐Committees on Crop Standards, Notification and Release of Varieties of Agricultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Government of India, for commercial cultivation in India. In summary, this study reports introgression of the QTL‐hotspot for enhancing yield under rainfed conditions, development of several introgression lines, and release of Pusa Chickpea 10216 developed through molecular breeding in India

Development of High Yielding Fusarium Wilt Resistant Cultivar by Pyramiding of “Genes” Through Marker-Assisted Backcrossing in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Pusa 391, a mega desi chickpea variety with medium maturity duration is extensively cultivated in the Central Zone of India. Of late, this variety has become susceptible to Fusarium wilt (FW), which has drastic impact on its yield. Presence of variability in the wilt causing pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri (foc) across geographical locations necessitates the role of pyramiding for FW resistance for different races (foc 1,2,3,4 and 5). Subsequently, the introgression lines developed in Pusa 391 genetic background were subjected to foreground selection using three SSR markers (GA16, TA 27 and TA 96) while 48 SSR markers uniformly distributed on all chromosomes, were used for background selection to observe the recovery of recurrent parent genome (RPG). BC1F1 lines with 75–85% RPG recovery were used to generate BC2F1. The plants that showed more than 90% RPG recovery in BC2F1 were used for generating BC3F1. The plants that showed more than 96% RPG recovery were selected and selfed to generate BC3F3. Multi-location evaluation of advanced introgression lines (BC2F3) in six locations for grain yield (kg/ha), days to fifty percent flowering, days to maturity, 100 seed weight and disease incidence was done. In case of disease incidence, the genotype IL1 (BGM 20211) was highly resistant to FW in Junagarh, Indore, New Delhi, Badnapur and moderately resistant at Sehore and Nandyal. GGE biplot analysis revealed that IL1(BGM20211) was the most stable genotype at Junagadh, Sehore and Nandyal. GGE biplot analysis revealed that IL1(BGM 20211) and IL4(BGM 20212) were the top performers in yield and highly stable across six environments and were nominated for Advanced Varietal Trials (AVT) of AICRP (All India Coordinated Research Project on Chickpea) in 2018–19. BGM20211 and BGM 20212 recorded 29 and 28.5% average yield gain over the recurrent parent Pusa 391, in the AVT-1 and AVT-2 over five environments. Thus, BGM20211 was identified for release and notified as Pusa Manav/Pusa Chickpea 20211 for Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Maharashtra, Southern Rajasthan, Bundhelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh states by the Central Sub-Committees on Crop Standards, Notification and Release of Varieties of Agricultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Government of India, for commercial cultivation in India (Gazette notification number S.O.500 (E) dt. 29-1-2021).Such pyramided lines give resilience to multiple races of fusarium wilt with added yield advantage